The Islamic Republic Of Iran s Foreign Policy - 1423 Words

The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy: What Does Iran Want? Henry Kissinger and George Shultz warned that, â€Å"Iran’s representatives (including its Su-preme Leader) continue to profess a revolutionary anti-Western concept of international order† (Beinart) The above statement underscores how many in policy circles (primarily conservatives) believe that Iran is anti-western, which is nothing further from the truth. Case in point: the multi-lateral negotiations concerning Iran’s nuclear program led by the United States. Without going into specifics, there have many times where the Iranians could have walked away from the table if they chose in the beginning to even begin these talks. On the whole, Iranians want to do business with the U.S., they want American expertise and technology; not European and not Chinese. SNSC Iranian foreign policy is drafted by The Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) created in 1989 as the result of a constitutional revision is currently headed by Ali Shamkhani; the agency’s goals are as follows in accordance to Article 177 of the Iranian Constitution (Islamic Republic of Iran ): 1. To determine the national defense/security policies within the framework of gen-eral policies laid down by the Leader. 2. To coordinate political, intelligence, social, cultural and economic activities in rela-tion to general defense/security policies. 3. To exploit material and non-material resources of the country for facing internal and external threatsShow MoreRelatedNuclear Weapons And The Nuclear Crisis1471 Words   |  6 Pages Chris Moore – 42907275 Major Essay Referring to the uncertainties that remain about the nuclear developments in Iran, please borrow two international relations theories and show how each theory leads to a different appreciation of what is at stake. 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The bloody past with the Arabs, Iran’s historic enemy, cemented the feeling of Iranian Iran Ethnic Conflicts 10 nationalismRead MoreIrans Foreign Policy since the Early 1990s2998 Words   |  12 Pages1 INTRODUCTION This essay will broadly discuss Iran’s foreign policy since the early 1990’s. First in order to understand the foreign policy of Iran, the historical background of Iran’s foreign policy will be discussed. Followed by the foreign policy principles, foreign policy principles assist in shaping the country’s foreign policy and its relationship with other countries. After the post-Iraq invasion Iran saw the security void as an opportunity to reshape Iraq in order to prevent it from re-emergingRead MoreThe Degree of Success of Reza Shah Pahlavi after the 1925 Coup1542 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"A passionate but ruthless nationalist with little formal education, Reza Khan had a clear vision for Iran’s transition to modernity often using Ataturk’s Turkey as a model.† - Milani, Mohsen M. 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Looking atRead MoreRelations Between Iran and US Essay1839 Words   |  8 Pages In 1979, protests erupted across the nation against the government of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. This was triggered by the domination of foreign policy, the exploitation of Iran’s resources and wealth by foreign firms, corruption and oppressive regime. The Shah’s government’s close ties with the United States and Israel, his oppressive methods and his program of Westernization were unpopular with the Iranian people. They therefore turned to the ‘ulama as an alternative. Ayatollah Ruhollah KhomeiniRead MoreU.s. Middle East Policy1631 Words   |  7 PagesAny discussion of U.S. Middle East policy is integral to the national political discourse. A presidential or congressional candidate has to prove her/his foreign policy knowledge on the campaign trail, but unfortunately the electorate is generally not informed enough to critically assess a candidate’s understanding, which risks giving our leaders virtually unchecked power to make policy in our name. An important part of educating young citizens in a democracy is to teach them the tools they willRead MoreThe United States And The Iranian Revolution1705 Words   |  7 Pagesbe in the U.S on an expired student’s visa; however, the process sped up after 9/11. In seeking a method to prevent the reoccurrence of international students’ involvement in any such future acts, the U.S. Department of Justice s Office of Investigative Agency Policies developed a plan. From this plan came a special task force, which was given the task of identifying problems with the system and a way of proceeding. The task force identified problems in the tracking and the monitoring of studentsRead MoreThe Underground Music Scene Reflect The Socio Political Situation Of Contemporary Iran?1493 Words   |  6 Pagessocio-political situation of contemporary Iran?’ A review of literature A reoccurring observation made in literature focused on music in contemporary Iran, is the challenge music has faced since the Islamic revolution of 1979 and the subsequent establishment of a theocratic state . Ghazizadeh (2011) argued that music is one of the most controversial issues in Islam and so after the victory of the Islamic revolution, which promised a return back to traditional Islamic norms and values, the position of musicRead MoreIran Between Iran And Iran1623 Words   |  7 PagesIran previously known as Persia is not one of the largest countries in the world. It is approximately a little smaller than Alaska by comparison. Throughout the years, Iran was involved in many conflicts while still today holding its own against other countries in the world. Iran is located within the Middle East with the bordering countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Turkey. As early as the period of the Romans, Iran had many types of leaders, conflicts and enem ies

The Controversial Ending of King Lear by William...

The Controversial Ending of King Lear by William Shakespeare Few Shakespearean plays have caused the controversy that is found with King Lear’s ending scenes. Othello kills himself, Macbeth is executed, and of course in hamlet, everyone dies. Lear, however, is different from other Shakespearean classics. Is Lear mad or lucid? Is Cordelia really dead? Is Edmund’s delay explainable? What is the nature of the Lear world that occasioned all of this? How does Knight’s thesis relate to the ending? Critical commentary varies and appears exhaustive. Bradley speaks of evil, but thinks Lear dies in a moment of supreme joy; Knight argues that however vicious and cruel the Lear world is, the death of Cordelia represents the future†¦show more content†¦Foakes thinks that Hamlet now is less suited for the twentieth century than Lear, insofar as Lear’s existential content is what matters, so now the question becomes why would Cordelia want to live in Lear’s world? The play is about protesting a world gone mad. The situation is further intensified by the Tate emendation that playgoers witnessed for over a century. Arguing from the perspective of post-restoration and neo-classical taste that literature must teach virtue, Tate dropped the Fool, gave Cordelia and Edgar a love interest, thus sparing her life along with her father: Edgar: My dear Cordelia! Lucky was the Minute Of our approach, the Gods have weighed our Sufferings, W’are past the Fire, and now must shine to Ages Albany notes, Take off their chains thou Injur’d Majesty, The Wheel of Fortune now has made a circle†¦ What comfort may be brought to cheer your age? And heal your savage Wrongs, shall be apply’d For to your Majesty we do resign Your kingdom†¦ Lear’s last words according to Tate are: Though, thou hast some business yet for life; Thou, Kent, and I, retir’d to some cool cell Will gently pass our short Reserves of time In calm reflections on our fortunes past, Cheer’d with relation of the prosperous reign Of this celestial pair; thus our remains Shall in an even course of thoughts be past? Enjoy the present hour, not fear the last Quite a difference from Edmund’sShow MoreRelatedSuffering in King Lear2408 Words   |  10 Pageswe are provoked to think about when reading many of Shakespeare plays. However the play which comes to mind first when any reader of Shakespeare hears the word suffering is surely King Lear, which arguably contains the most amount of pain and personal torment of all of Shakespeares work. Although appearing in the Quarto edition as The History of King Lear, the indescribably tragic plot led the Folio edition to be named The Tragedy of King Lear. Many adaptations and rewrites chose to drastically

Structure and Organizational Behavior †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Structure and Organizational Behavior. Answer: Introduction This essay presents critical analysis of the effect of the motivation techniques used by managers to increase the productivity of their workers and an application. Thesis statement Yes, I agreed to this statement that The Effect of the Motivation Techniques Used by Managers to Increase the Productivity of their Workers and an Application. It is because the motivation techniques are supportive to encourage the employees towards their job which helps to gain productivity of an organization. Efficiency shows the accomplishment of organization task by employees in an appropriate manner along with less time and cost. In addition to this, it can be said that efficiency considers some significant factors such as elimination of current issues, perception, and execution of the variations as chances, and utilization of resources (Chumg, et al., 2016). Other factors are maintaining the intra-venture quality; sustain the maximum quality through excellent living situations to the workforce, improve the production by finest cost, and do not harm the environment. There are two kinds of factors that can affect the efficiency of the employees such as Intra-Business Factors and Extra-Business Factors. The intra-business factors can directly impact on the efficiency of employees that can ultimately affect the productivity of an organization. There are certain factors such as Structure of the organization; Machine, Factory, and Equipment are considered by intra-business. In addition, it can also be said that such factors are essential to affect the performance of the organization in long-term. Along with this, the Extra-business factors can also influence the efficiency of workforces, which can affect the growth as well as the performance of employees in long-run. There are certain factors that are considered by the extra-business named Business Practices, Equipment and Energy, Management Method, and Technology (Coccia, 2014). Further, it is also addressed that such factors directly influence the productivity of company in long-term. Performance management system can be used by the company to improve the efficiency of employees in long-term. It will positively impact on business practices such as increasing business capacity, development, delay and enhancement (Gold, et al., 2013). The business growth and development can be improved by using some significant techniques such as Business Enlargement, Job Enrichment, Work Study, and Value Analysis Method. Other techniques are Job Simplification, Zero-Based Budget Management, Force Field Analysis Method, Brain Storming, and Nominal Grouping Method. There are different components that may affect the efficiency of the employees in long-term. These are Harmful and Hazardous Working Environment, Unfavourable Relations with the Managers and Negative Relations between the Colleagues (Hyde, et al., 2013). Other factors are Low Motivation, Low Payment, and Employee-Job Inconsistency. These factors can decline the efficiency of the workforce at the same time it also declines the productivity of the organization in long-term. The harmful and hazardous working environment can decline the efficiency of the employees. It is because; employees cannot accomplish the task in an appropriate manner in an unhealthy environment. The unhealthy environment can create the stress among the employees regarding the task, which can decline the efficiency of workforces. The Unfavourable Relationship between Managers and Colleagues can create the conflict between managers and employees, as it can decline the efficiency of the employees in long-run (Mullins, et al., 2013). In addition, it can also be said that the robust relationship can enhance the performance of an organization as well as employees. The low motivation can create the problem for the employees along with the organization. Because the low motivated employee cannot accomplish the task of an organization in an appropriate manner, which can decline the efficiency of employees as well as decline the productivity of the company. Therefore, it can be said that an organization has needed to focus on the motivation due to enhancing the performance of the organization and improving the efficiency of the workforce (Kalliath, et al., 2013). Low payment can also influence the efficiency of the employees because inappropriate payment can create stress among the employees, which can also decline the efficiency of the employees in long-term. Additionally, it can also be said that low payment can make an unfavorable image in customers mind, which can increase the probability of the low efficiency of employees. Job- Inconsistency can also be a major factor to decline the efficiency of employees because the Job- Inconsistency of employees demonstrates the lack of interest of employees regarding the goal of organization (Kitchin, 2017). Motivation is the best way to positively influence the employees to accomplish their task in an appropriate manner. There are some significant factors that are considered in the motivation such as estimated aim and objectives of the employee, the inspiration, and liking for the activities, the basis, and attainment of a venture climate that will cause the fulfillment of the organization and the employees. At the same time, it can be said that the motivation can directly influence the efficiency of the employees. Motivation can be significant to improve the efficiency of employees in long-term. Furthermore, Motivation can support to satisfy the individual along with cluster needs of workforces. Consequently, it will support to make co-operation and co-ordination between workforces and helps to accomplish the objectives of a firm. In addition, Employees can be satisfied by the organization through motivation (Malik, 2014). Beside this, in case, employees are fully satisfied then they will use their skills and knowledge beyond their capacity to obtain the effective outcomes. It promotes to the higher extent of the job satisfaction among the workforce. Hence, the rules and strategies could be effectively implemented. Moreover, the motivation can be effective to improve the level of employees turnover and decline the absenteeism at the working place. It will inspire the employees towards their goals and objectives, which can increase the interest of employees to complete the task in an effective manner. At the same time, it will also decline the level of employees turnover and absenteeism successfully (McLennan, 2013). Further, the motivation helps to enhance the productivity of the employees by creating the interest of employee towards their work. Additionally, it will enable the employee to contribute their best in the organization so as to enhance the productivity of the company. Motivation can support to improve the efficiency of the organization by eliminating the friction among the employees and management team. The friction can decline the efficacy of the employees but at the same time, it can be said that such kinds of issues can be eliminated by the techniques of motivation. Furthermore, it also supports to decline the grievances, wastages, complaints, and accidents. There are different motivation techniques that will be used by the managers as well as organization to improve the efficiency of the employees in long-term (McShane, et al., 2013). These are Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, Hawthorne Effect, and Expectancy Theory. These all techniques are important to inspire the employees in less time and cost. Moreover, managers generally use the Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory, Maslows Hierarchy of Needs to motivate the employees towards their work. At the same time, it can be said that these techniques will also support to enhance the stability of employees with higher efficiency in long-term. The behavior of the employees can affect the level of motivation appropriately. In case, manager allows to the wage-earner to contribute their ideas and opinion then it can create a positive image in the customers mind (Clay, et al., 2015). At the same time, it can also be said that the positive image can be supportive to make a robust relationship with employees along with enhancing the efficacy of employees in long-term. In addition, the positive behavior of executive can increase the morale of employees that will be supportive to improve the professional as well as personal life of the employees. The appropriate behavior of the employees improves the communication skills of the employees as well as attitude at the working place (Wood, et al., 2016). The communication and attitude is a major factor that will impact on the performance of the employees. Therefore, it can be said that a manager can improve the communication and attitude skills of the employees by an ethical code of conduct to the employees. It will also supportive to increase the efficiency of employees along with productivity of organization in long-term. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that employee efficiency can be effective to accomplish the task of an organization in less time and cost with appropriate manner. Additionally, it can also be summarized that the motivation technique is important for managers to enhance the efficacy of employees and retain them in long-term. Finally, it can be evaluated that Maslows Hierarchy of Needs and Hertzbergs Two-Factor Theory is generally used by the managers to inspire the employee towards their work. References Chumg, H. F., Seaton, J., Cooke, L., and Ding, W. Y. (2016) Factors affecting employees' knowledge-sharing behavior in the virtual organization from the perspectives of well-being and organizational behavior,Computers in Human Behavior,64, pp. 432-448. Clay-Williams, R., and Braithwaite, J. (2015) Reframing implementation as an organizational behavior problem: Inside a teamwork improvement intervention,Journal of health organization and management,29(6), pp. 670-683. Coccia, M. (2014) Structure and organizational behavior of public research institutions under unstable growth of human resources,International Journal of Services Technology and Management,20(4-6), pp. 251-266. Gold, J., Holden, R., Iles, P., Stewart, J., and Beardwell, J. (2013)Human resource development: Theory and practice. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Hyde, P., Harris, C., and Boaden, R. (2013) Pro-social organizational behavior of health care workers,The International Journal of Human Resource Management,24(16), pp. 3115-3130. j Mullins, L., and Christy, G. (2013)Management and Organisational Behaviour. UK: Pearson Education. Kalliath, T., Brough, P., O'DRISCOLL, M., Manimala, M., SIU, O. L., and Parker, S. (2013)Organisational behavior: a psychological perspective for the Asia Pacific. Australia: McGraw-Hill. Kitchin, D. (2017)An introduction to organizational behavior for managers and engineers: A group and multicultural approach. UK: Routledge. Malik, M. R. (2014) IMPACT OF POSITIVE ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR ON LEADERSHIP AND HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,International Journal of Organizational Behaviour and Management Perspectives,3(1), P. 70. McLennan, R. (2013)Cases in organizational behavior. UK: Routledge. McShane, S. L., Olekalns, M., and Travaglione, A. (2013)Organisational behavior: Emerging knowledge, global insights. Australia: McGraw Hill. Wood, J. M., Zeffane, R. M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., and Osborn, R. N. (2016)Organisational behavior: Core concepts and applications. USA: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd.

Whale Rider free essay sample

A story from the past, believed to explain how the Maori people came to be in New Zealand. It is regarded as historical although not verifiable. It’s a modern interpretation of an ancient Maori myth. * Strong basis in the culture of Maori people- Myths support and strengthen culture and reinforce cultural values. * Voice-over- Paikea explaining the legend of her ancestor Paikea throughout the film (story telling technique of myth/legend) and her journey to become the next leader. Use of symbols- Waka (canoe), whales, Koro’s staff * Magical Object- Whale Tooth * Music- Creates a mystical, ancient atmosphere enhances that Paikea’s journey is destined to be. Made up of mixture of Mori songs, whale sounds, sea sound and instrumental music * Contrast of opposites- Between characters (wise vs. foolish, young vs. old) * Structure of Plot- Orientation, Complication, Climax, Resolution * Development of ‘hero’ character- Who faces challenges placed in front of her and achieves her goal even though it endangers her life. We will write a custom essay sample on Whale Rider or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Paikea’s journey- To become leader of the tribe. Shows her leadership * Incredible events- Birth of destined one, calling whales, whale response, riding the whale * Symbolic/magical objects- Associated with the hero, her quest and the culture she comes from: waka, rope, whales, Koro’s staff, whale tooth * Moral/lesson- If you believe in yourself you can achieve your goals. It should not matter what gender you are, these are not the determining factors in achieving your goals. Themes Love * Wisdom * Leadership * Expectations * Man’s relationship with the natural world * Role of women * Dealing with change Introduction Point Explanation Context (explanation of meaning to Maori context) Evidence (proof) Analysis Link Paragraph 1 (PECEAL) -strong connections to Maori culture Paragraph 2 (PECEAL) -journey of cultural hero Paikea, becoming leader, fighting tradition and saving her culture Paragraph 3 (PECEAL) -incredible/magical elements in the film (include music) Co nclusion

Evolutionary Psychology

Assumptions of evolutionary psychology Evolutionary psychology originated from the Darwinian theory of natural selection. Darwin projected that psychology would later assume an evolutionary dimension through acquisition of different mental capabilities (Buss, 2005). This branch of psychology makes several assumptions in order to explain, diagnose, and treat mental or behavioural illness.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evolutionary Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First, it assumes that the brain possesses the ability to process information and thus generate behaviour due to various internal and external stimuli (Buss, 2005). Second, the adaptive capabilities of the brain originated from natural and sexual selection. Sexual selection led to the evolution of adaptations related to mating and reproduction. For males, it helps them compete for females while for females, it helps them to choose appropriate males for the purpose of reproduction. Third, the human evolutionary past was characterized by various neural mechanisms that played different roles such as finding solutions to problems (Buss, 2005). These mechanisms had their origin in natural selection. Fourth, evolutionary psychologists assume that modern humans possess stone-age minds because the evolution of their brains led to the acquisition of different neural mechanisms that were necessary for problem solving (Buss, 2005). Fifth, there is an assumption that most brain processes and functions are executed unconsciously (Buss, 2005). On the other hand, evolutionary psychologists assume that the tasks that humans find easy are not. They only appear easy because they are simplified by the unconscious mind that possesses complex neural mechanisms. Finally, evolutionary psychologists assume that human psychology comprises several specialized mechanisms that respond to different groups of information or stimuli (Buss, 2005). Hum an behaviour is due to the synchronization of the inputs of these different mechanisms. These assumptions form the foundation of evolutionary psychology with regard to explication, diagnosis, and treatment of mental or behavioural illnesses. These assumptions are based on the Darwinian concept of natural selection that was necessary because early humans needed to find solutions to their problems in order to enhance their survival.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Evolutionary psychologists argue that natural selection was responsible for equipping humans with numerous psychological adaptations (Buss, 2005). They argue that this was similar to the mechanism through which humans gained their various anatomical and physiological adaptations. These adaptations are specialized for different environments in which humans live. Examples of mental/ behavioural illness Depression has severe con sequences that affect the survival of human species. For example, it makes people suicidal and less interested in certain activities. However, evolutionary psychologists have a different view of depression. They explain it as a way of developing enhanced mental skills (Trapani, 2010). They argue that depression makes an individual focus on internal and external conflicts, thus improving their decision-making capabilities. When a person is depressed, the brain focuses all its energy and attention on the problem thus enabling the individual to find solutions to the problems (Trapani, 2010). On the other hand, sadness enhances the ability of the brain to process information thus improving its ability to deal with complex and highly demanding situations. Depression also has a biological orientation. Children who come from families with histories of depression are likely to develop depression in the course of their lives. It helps them to adapt to different challenging environments and s ituations. Autism is a condition that alters the ways people communicate and relates to those around them (Ploeger Galis, 2011). People with autism find it difficult to make sense of certain things. Their inability to understand other people’s feelings bar them from forming lasting relationships. Evolutionary psychology would explain autism as a condition that results from delays in male maturation and acceleration in female maturation. Its aetiology can be explained by considering the influence of social structures, endocrinological differences, and neurological limitations (Lehman, 2009). In addition, autism could be explained by considering the influence of social structures and the environment on human maturation. According to the mind blindness theory, changes in social structures cause evolutionary adaptations that lead to development of autism (Ploeger Galis, 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Evolutionary Psychology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, the emergence of power for women has severe repercussions that include delayed male maturation.Changes in production of human hormones also alter the rate of maturation (Lehman, 2009). For example, changes in uterine testosterone levels affect the maturation rates of offsprings by either accelerating or delaying maturation rate. On the other hand, adjustments in oestrogen levels results in the development of different neurological structures. These factors contribute towards development of autism. Finally, the environment influences the development of autism (Ploeger Galis, 2011). Dyslexia refers to a reading disorder that affects both children and adults. It is characterized by difficulties in spelling and reading (Fletcher, 2009). Evolutionary psychologists would use neuropsychological, behavioural, neurobiological, and environmental factors to explain the causes of the disorder. Environmental factors such as the economic situation and orientation to literacy are possible risk factors for dyslexia (Fletcher, 2009). The disorder is likely to develop in children whose parents possess poor reading skills. Another risk factor is poor classroom instruction. Neurobiological and neuropsychological factors that include finger recognition, audioperceptual processes, visuoperceptual limitations, and directional sense are risk factors of dyslexia (Fletcher, 2009). Dyslexia is thus caused by maldevelopment of the brain’s parietal lobes and other areas that serve different roles. Dyslexia is characterized by reading problems, neuropsychological limitations, clumsiness, and behavioural problems. References Buss, D 2005, The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, John Wiley Sons, New York. Fletcher, J 2009, Dyslexia: The Evolution of a Scientific Concept, Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, vol.15 no. 40, pp. 501.508.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lehman, A 2009. Autism and Evolution, Viewed on http://www.neoteny.org/2009/12/24/autism-and-evolution/. Ploeger, A Galis, F 2011, Evolutionary Approaches to Autism: an Overview and Integration, McGill Journal of Medicine, vol.13. no. 2, pp. 38. Trapani, G 2010. The Evolutionary Reason for Depression, https://lifehacker.com/the-evolutionary-reason-for-depression-5483797. This essay on Evolutionary Psychology was written and submitted by user Alani Shepherd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Evolutionary Psychology

Chaining Forward and Chaining Backwards

Chaining Forward and Chaining Backwards When teaching life skills such as dressing, grooming or perhaps even cooking, a special educator often has to break down the task to be taught in small discrete steps. The first step for teaching a life skill is to complete a task analysis. Once the task analysis is complete, the teacher needs to decide how it is to be taught: chaining forward, or chaining backward? Chaining Whenever we do a complete, multistep task, we complete the component parts in a specific order (though there can be some flexibility.) We start at some point and complete each step, one step at a time. Since these tasks are sequential we refer to teaching them step-by-step as chaining. Chaining Forward When chaining forward, the instructional program starts with the beginning of the task sequence. After each step is mastered, instruction begins at the next step. Depending on how severely a students abilities are compromised by their disability will depend on what level of support the student will need for each step of instruction. If a child is unable to learn the step by having it modeled and then imitating it, it may be necessary to provide hand over hand prompting, fading instructional prompting to verbal and then gestural prompts. As each step is mastered, the student completes the step after begin given a verbal command (prompt?) and then begins instruction in the next step. Each time the student has completed the part of the tasks they have he or she has mastered, the instructor will complete the other steps, either modeling or hand over handing the tasks in the order you will be teaching the student. An Example of Chaining Forward Angela is pretty severely cognitively disabled. She is learning life skills with therapeutic support staff (TSS) aid provided by the county mental health organization. Rene (her aide) is working on teaching her independent grooming skills. She can wash her hands independently, with the simple command, Angela, its time to wash your hand. Wash your hands. She has just begun to learn how to brush her teeth. She will follow this forward chain: Angela gets the pink toothbrush from her cup and the toothpaste from the top vanity drawer.When she has mastered this step, she will unscrew the cap, she will wet the bristles and put the paste on the bristles.When she has mastered opening the toothpaste and squirting it on the brush, the child needs to open his, her mouth wide and begin to brush the top teeth. I would divide this into several steps and teach it over a couple of weeks: Up and down on the bottom and top on the side opposite the dominant hand, up and down on the same side, up and down in front and back of the front teeth. Once the whole sequence is mastered, the student can move on to:Rinsing the toothpaste out, front and back. This step will have to be modeled: there is no way to hand over hand this skill.Replace the toothpaste cap, put the cap, brush and rinsing cup away. An Example of Backward Chaining Jonathon, aged 15, lives at a residential facility. One of the goals in his residential IEP is to do his own laundry. In his facility, there is a two to one ratio of staff to students, so Rahul is the evening staff member for Jonathon and Andrew. Andrew is also 15, and also has a laundry goal, so Rahul has Andrew watch as Jonathon does his laundry on Wednesday, and Andrew does his laundry on Friday. Chaining Laundry Backwards Rahul completes each of the steps Jonathon will need to complete the laundry, modeling and reciting each step. i.e. First we separate the colors and the whites.Next we will put the dirty whites in the washing machine.Now we measure the soap (Rahul might choose to have Jonathon open the soap container if twisting off lids is one of Jonathons already acquired skills.)Now we choose the water temperature. Hot for whites, cold for colors.Now we turn the dial to regular wash.Now we close the lid and pull out the dial.Rahul gives Jonathon a couple of choices for waiting: Looking at books? Playing a game on the iPad? He may also stop Jonathon from his game and check out where the machine is in the process.Oh, the machine is done spinning. Lets put the wet clothing in the dryer.Lets set the drying for 60 minutes.(When the buzzer goes off.) Is the laundry dry? Lets feel it? Yes, lets take it out and fold it. At this point, Jonathon would assist in taking the dry laundry out of the dryer. With assistance, he would fold the clothing, matching socks and stacking white underwear and t-shirts in the correct pile s. In backward chaining, Jonathon would observe Rahul do the laundry and would begin by assisting with removing the laundry and folding it. When he has reached an acceptable level of independence (I wouldnt demand perfection) you would back up, and have Jonathon set the dryer and push the start button. After that is mastered, he would back up to removing the wet clothing from the washer and putting it in the dryer. The purpose of backward chaining is the same as that of forward chaining: to help the student gain independence and mastery in a skill that he or she can use for the rest of their life. Whether you, as the practitioner, choose forward or backward chaining will depend on the childs strengths and your perception of where the student will be most successful. His or her success is the real measure of the most effective way to chain, either forward, or backward.

B1- Financial Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

B1- Financial Management - Essay Example If a firm becomes competent to establish this optimal capital structure, then it provides maximum returns to shareholders. In spite of this appeal by Modigliani and Miller, the optimal capital structure has not been found by researchers. This forms the basis of evaluation of the model depicted by Modigliani and Miller (Simerly & Li, 2002). The research paper is based on different arguments related to the approach of Modigliani and Miller with respect to its propositions. Modigliani and Miller have proposed two models in this context where one is with effect of corporate taxes and the other in absence of the corporate taxes. The objective of this paper is to critically evaluate the models and present a critical understanding of the Modigliani and Miller propositions. The paper also deals with the identification of certain critical issues associated with the models and demonstrates the analyses of the issues. The purpose of the paper will be fulfilled by embracing different criticism of the two models and evidences related to their practicability. During the Belgium Tax Reform of 1982, the cost of equity was 13%. The cost of equity was tax deductible at the level of corporate during 1982-1983 for equities that were newly issued. The following consequences of the situation were evaluated that depicted the propositions of MM approach when tax rate was considered: equities were issued in highest quantity during the period 1982-1983 which was more than that during the last 13 years. The Belgian stock market increased by 40% in December 1981. The consequences implies that since expected equity return increases with the amount of borrowing in the presence of corporate taxes, hence people strived towards buying more equity (Rao, 2010). In MM Model of capital structure without taxes, markets are assumed to be perfect that means there are no taxes, no lawyers and no costs of bankruptcy. Now, on condition of market being perfect and efficient, Modigliani